The mentioned functions or statements are often used in programming,...

The mentioned functions or statements are often used in programming, particularly in testing frameworks like Python's unittest module. Here's an explanation of what each does:

1. assertRaises():

   • This function checks if a specific exception is raised during the execution of code. It is used in unit tests to verify that a particular block of code raises an exception as expected.
   • Example:

     import unittest
     
     class TestExample(unittest.TestCase):
         def test_exception(self):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 int('invalid')  # This raises a ValueError
     

2. assertEqual():

   • This function compares two values for equality in a test case. If the two values are not equal, the test fails.
   • Example:

     import unittest
     
     class TestExample(unittest.TestCase):
         def test_equality(self):
             self.assertEqual(2 + 2, 4)  # Passes because 2 + 2 equals 4
     

3. raise():

   • This statement is used to manually raise an exception in the code. It is commonly used for custom error handling or testing purposes.
   • Example:

     def check_value(val):
         if val < 0:
             raise ValueError("Negative value not allowed!")  # Raises a ValueError
     

4. assertTrue():

   • This function checks whether a given expression evaluates to True. If the expression is False, the test fails.
   • Example:

     import unittest
     
     class TestExample(unittest.TestCase):
         def test_truth(self):
             self.assertTrue(3 > 2)  # Passes because 3 > 2 is True
     

These are all commonly used in unit testing to verify the correctness of code.